Assessing wastewater treatment performance in small island contexts: a multi-aspect evaluation of Tidung Besar Island, Indonesia
Keywords:
small island, domestic wastewater, treatment performance, institutional capacity, multi-aspect assessment
Abstract
Small islands face unique sustainability challenges in domestic wastewater management (DWM) due to limited resources, confined space, and high ecological vulnerability, yet comprehensive multi-dimensional assessments remain scarce. This study addresses this gap through a multi-aspect assessment of the DWM system on Tidung Besar Island, Indonesia, integrating technical, institutional, environmental, and social dimensions in a densely populated tourism-based small island. An exploratory-descriptive approach was employed, combining field observations, stakeholder interviews, questionnaires, and secondary data analysis from March 2024 to August 2025. Data were analyzed through triangulation methods, descriptive statistics, and qualitative synthesis. The study reveals a critical paradox that despite strong community acceptance and established infrastructure comprising four wastewater treatment plants serving 831 house connections, the system faces severe environmental challenge. Ammonia and total coliform exceed quality standards by up to 163 and 137 times. Technical challenges include overcapacity in high-demand zones, equipment failures, and incomplete service coverage, while institutional monitoring remains weak. Socially, most residents lack wastewater knowledge yet report high satisfaction based on visible improvements. This reveals that community acceptance alone cannot serve as a reliable indicator of system success. The study also demonstrates that small island wastewater management requires integrated solutions addressing interconnected challenge across all dimensions simultaneously.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ahlin ME. 2019. Semi-structured interviews with expert practitioners: their validity and significant contribution to translational research. Sage Publication. London.
Al-Khatib IA, Monou M, Abu Zahra ASF, Shaheen HQ and Kassinos D. 2010. Solid waste characterization, quantification and management practices in developing countries. A case study: Nablus district - Palestine. Journal of Environtal Management 91(5):1131–1138. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.01.003.
Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN). 2017. SNI 2398:2017 - Tata cara perencanaan tangki septik dengan pengolahan lanjutan (sumur resapan, bidang resapan, up flow filter, kolam sanita). Badan Standarisasi Nasional (BSN). Jakarta.
Brace I. 2018. Questionnaire design: how to plan, structure and write survey material for effective market research. Kogan Page Publishers. London.
Bray RT, Jankowska K, Kulbat E, Łuczkiewicz A and Sokołowska A. 2021. Ultrafiltration process in disinfection and advanced treatment of tertiary treated wastewater. Membranes 11(3):Page 221. 11(3):221-238.
Bungin B. 2003. Analisis data penelitian kualitatif: pemahaman filosofis dan metodologis ke arah penguasaan model aplikasi. PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Jakarta.
Clem V and Mendonça HV de. 2022. Ozone reactor combined with ultrafiltration membrane: A new tertiary wastewater treatment system for reuse purpose. Journal of Environmental Management 315: 115166. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115166.
Creswell JW. 2014. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications. California.
Crisman TL and Winters ZS. 2023. Caribbean small island developing states must incorporate water quality and quantity in adaptive management of the water-energy-food nexus. Frontiers in Environmental Science 11:1212552. doi:10.3389/FENVS.2023.1212552/BIBTEX.
DiCicco-Bloom B and Crabtree BF. 2006. The qualitative research interview. Med Educ. 40(4):314–321. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2929.2006.02418.X.
Domnech L and Saurí D. 2010. Socio-technical transitions in water scarcity contexts: Public acceptance of greywater reuse technologies in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 55(1):53–62. doi:10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2010.07.001.
Englande AJJ, Krenkel P and Shamas J. 2015. Wastewater treatment & water reclamation. Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09508-7
Fauzanabri R, Manembu I, Schaduw J, Manengkey H, Sinjal C dan Ngangi E. 2021. Status terumbu karang di perairan Pulau Tidung Kepulauan Seribu Provinsi DKI Jakarta berbasis analisis underwater photo transect. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax. 9:247–261.
Fernandes J, Ramísio PJ and Puga H. 2024. A comprehensive review on various phases of wastewater technologies: trends and future perspectives. Eng 2024 5(4):2633-2661. doi:10.3390/ENG5040138.
García-Llorente M, Martín-López B, Iniesta-Arandia I, López-Santiago CA, Aguilera PA and Montes C. 2012. The role of multi-functionality in social preferences toward semi-arid rural landscapes: An ecosystem service approach. Environtal Science & Policy 19–20:136–146. doi:10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2012.01.006.
Garfí M, Flores L and Ferrer I. 2017. Life cycle assessment of wastewater treatment systems for small communities: activated sludge, constructed wetlands and high rate algal ponds. Journal of Cleaner Production 161:211–219. doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.05.116.
Geospatial Information Agency. 2024. Pulau Indonesia bertambah jadi 17.380, mengapa angkanya berubah setiap tahun? [internet]. Available at: https://www.big.go.id/uploads/downloads/Dokumen/Rilis_Jumlah_Pulau.pdf.
Gómez-Román C, Jans L, Steg L, Vila-Tojo S and Sabucedo J-M. 2024. “Yes, we care”: pro-environmental social identity framing to promote acceptance of decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Water Reuse 14(4):510-526.
Gómez-Román C, Sabucedo JM, Alzate M, Medina B. 2021. Environmental concern priming and social acceptance of sustainable technologies: the case of decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Frontier in Psychology 12:647406. doi:10.3389/FPSYG.2021.647406/BIBTEX.
Hayati Y, Adrianto L, Krisanti M, Pranowo WS and Kurniawan F. 2020. Magnitudes and tourist perception of marine debris on small tourism island: Assessment of Tidung Island, Jakarta, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 158:111393. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111393.
Huang MH, Li YM, Gu GW. 2010. Chemical composition of organic matters in domestic wastewater. Desalination 262(1–3):36–42. doi:10.1016/J.DESAL.2010.05.037.
Indonesian Central Statistics Agency. 2024. Luas daerah dan jumlah pulau menurut provinsi 2023 [Internet]. Availabe at: https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/VUZwV01tSlpPVlpsWlRKbmMxcFhhSGhEVjFoUFFUMDkjMw==/luas-daerah-dan-jumlah-pulau-menurut-provinsi.html?year=2023.
Jakarta Provincial Population and Civil Registration Agency. 2025. Profil perkembangan kependudukan DKI Jakarta [Internet]. Available at: https://kependudukancapil.jakarta.go.id/profile_perkembangan_adminduk/.
Jones N, Evangelinos K, Gaganis P and Polyzou E. 2011. Citizens’ perceptions on water conservation policies and the role of social capital. Water Resources Management 25(2):509–522. doi:10.1007/S11269-010-9711-Z/METRICS.
Kalbar PP, Karmakar S and Asolekar SR. 2012. Selection of an appropriate wastewater treatment technology: a scenario-based multiple-attribute decision-making approach. Journal of Environmental Managemen 113:158–169. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.025.
Kassab G, Halalsheh M, Klapwijk A, Fayyad M and van Lier JB. 2010. Sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment for domestic wastewater - A review. Bioresource Technology 101(10):3299–3310. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.039.
Kurniawan F, Adrianto L, Bengen DG and Prasetyo LB. 2016. Vulnerability assessment of small islands to tourism: The case of the Marine Tourism Park of the Gili Matra Islands, Indonesia. Global Ecology and Conservation 6:308–326. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2016.04.001.
Liu B, Wei Q, Zhang B and Bi J. 2013. Life cycle GHG emissions of sewage sludge treatment and disposal options in Tai Lake Watershed, China. Science of The Total Environment 447:361–369. doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2013.01.019.
Maliga I, Purwono S and Harini R. 2025. Marine pollution in small island ecosystems and the impact of domestic wastewater. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management. 11(1):177–192. doi:10.22034/gjesm.2025.01.11.
Minister of Environment and Forestry. 2016. Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No P.68 Year 2016 on domestic wastewater quality standard.
Minister of Environment and Forestry. 2021. Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. 5 of 2021 on procedures for issuing technical approval and operational feasibility letters in the field of environmental pollution control.
Minister of Public Works and Public Housing. 2017. Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 4 of 2017 on implementation of domestic wastewater management systems.
Molinos-Senante M, Gómez T, Garrido-Baserba M, Caballero R and Sala-Garrido R. 2014. Assessing the sustainability of small wastewater treatment systems: A composite indicator approach. Science of The Total Environment 498:607–617. doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2014.08.026.
Muga HE and Mihelcic JR. 2008. Sustainability of wastewater treatment technologies. Journal of Environmenal Management 88(3):437–447. doi:10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2007.03.008.
Mycoo MA and Roopnarine RR. 2024. Water resource sustainability: Challenges, opportunities and research gaps in the English-speaking Caribbean Small Island Developing States. PLOS Water 3(1):e0000222. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PWAT.0000222.
Nelson N, Bair R, Coleman S, Comfort C, Gasteyer S, Huang J, McKay C, Smith A, Wang Z, Yan T, Young P and Yeh D. 2024. The pressing need for resilient, equitable, safe, and sustainable decentralized wastewater solutions for the pacific islands. Visions & Voices 1(2):1-4.
Nunn P and Kumar R. 2018. Understanding climate-human interactions in Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Implications for future livelihood sustainability. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10(2):245–271. doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2017-0012.
Omran II, Al-Saati NH, Al-Saati HH, Hashim KS and Al-Saati ZN. 2021. Sustainability assessment of wastewater treatment techniques in urban areas of Iraq using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Water Practice & Technology 16(2):648–660. doi:10.2166/WPT.2021.013.
Onyeka Eleweuwa H, Oghenesuvwe Udele N, Bakare-Abidola T, Goodness Ezeifegbu C, Destiny Okejevwa G and Olaoye J. 2025. Analysis of energy efficiency in water treatment plants: Present conditions and future directions. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. 25 (3):1717–1723. doi:10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.3.0893.
Parulekar PJ, Sahasrabudhe I, Hegiste M and Gupte S. 2024. Review of advanced oxidation processes for waste water treatment. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 13(2):1-8. doi:10.17577/IJERTV13IS020100.
Parwin R and Paul KK. 2019. Overview of applications of kitchen wastewater and its treatment. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 24(2):04019041. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000482.
Poinen P and Bokhoree C. 2022. Sludge management practices: Drivers, opportunities and implications for small island developing states. Journal of Water Process Engineering 48(5):102860. doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102860.
President of Republic of Indonesia. 2007. Law Number 27 of 2007 concerning management of coastal areas and small islands.
President of the Republic of Indonesia. 2021. Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 on the implementation of environmental protection and management.
Prost-Boucle S, Wepierre N, Barbier C and Dubois V. 2023. Wastewater Treatment in Island Locations [Internet]. Available at: https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/arbe_smilo_wastewater_treatment_in_island_locations_2023.pdf.
Rahardjo M. 2010. Triangulasi dalam penelitian kualitatif [Internet]. Available at: https://uin-malang.ac.id/r/101001/triangulasi-dalam-penelitian-kualitatif.html.
Rahimzade S, Alavi Moghaddam MR, Shafiei M and Namavar M. 2025. Sustainability assessment of urban wastewater management (collection, treatment, and reuse): Developing a multi-dimensional indicator-based framework. Sustainable Cities and Society 130:106646. doi:10.1016/J.SCS.2025.106646.
Robinson SA and Gilfillan D. 2017. Regional organisations and climate change adaptation in small island developing states. Regional Environmental Change 17(4):989–1004. doi:10.1007/s10113-016-0991-6.
Rodríguez-Alcántara JS, Cruz-Pérez N, Rodríguez-Martín J, García-Gil A and Santamarta JC. 2024. Effect of tourist activity on wastewater quality in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Balearic Islands (Spain). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 31(10):15172–15185. doi:10.1007/S11356-024-32173-9/FIGURES/10.
Rouse JD. 2015. Development of environmentally sustainable methods for treatment of domestic wastewater and handling of sewage sludge on Yap Island. Sustainability 7(9):12452–12464. doi:10.3390/SU70912452.
Ruslin R, Mashuri S, Alhabsyi F, Sarib M and Rasak A. 2022. Semi-structured interview: a methodological reflection on the development of a qualitative research instrument in educational studies ruslin. Journal of Research & Method in Education 12(1):22–29. doi:10.9790/7388-1201052229.
Saad D, Byrne D, Drechsel P, Saad D, Byrne D and Drechsel P. 2017. Social Perspectives on the Effective Management of Wastewater on Physico-Chemical Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery. INTECH. London.
Santín I, Vilanova R, Pedret C and Barbu M. 2020. Global internal recirculation alternative operation to reduce nitrogen and ammonia limit violations and pumping energy costs in wastewater treatment plants. Processes 8(12):1606. doi:10.3390/PR8121606.
Seribu Islands Kominfotik Sub-Agency. 2025. Informasi data kunjungan wisatawan [Internet]. Available at: https://pulauseribu.jakarta.go.id/pariwisata.
SMILO. 2023. Water and sanitation [Internet]. Available at: https://smilo-program.org/freshwater-and-sanitation/.
Surapati BF dan Suparni. 2016. Rp 10,2 M dianggarkan untuk pembangunan IPAL Pulau Tidung [Internet]. Available at: https://www.beritajakarta.id/read/32043/rp-102-m-dianggarkan-untuk-pembangunan-ipal-pulau-tidung.
Tchobanoglous George, Stensel HDavid, Tsuchihashi Ryujiro, Burton FL, Abu-Orf Mohammad, Bowden Gregory and Pfrang William. 2014. Wastewater engineering : treatment and resource recovery. McGraw-Hill Education. Ohio.
Thomas A, Baptiste A, Martyr-Koller R, Pringle P and Rhiney K. 2020. Climate change and small island developing states. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 45:1–27. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083355.
Ugwuanyi ED, Nwokediegwu ZQS, Dada MA, Majemite MT and Obaigbena A. 2024. Review of emerging technologies for nutrient removal in wastewater treatment. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21(2):1737-1749.
United Nations. 2017. Wastewater: the untapped resource. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Paris.
Water Resources Agency of DKI Jakarta Province. 2024. Data sistem pengolahan air limbah domestik (SPALD) [Internet]. Available at: https://portaldatadsda.jakarta.go.id/ipal/list/view.
Wear SL and Thurber RV. 2015. Sewage pollution: Mitigation is key for coral reef stewardship. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1355(1):15–30. doi:10.1111/nyas.12785.
Widyarani, Wulan DR, Hamidah U, Komarulzaman A, Rosmalina RT and Sintawardani N. 2022. Domestic wastewater in Indonesia: generation, characteristics and treatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29(22):32397–32414. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-19057-6.
Willmott L and Graci SR. 2016. Solid Waste management in small island destinations. Téoros 31(3):71-76.
Wilson J. 2014. Essentials of business research a guide to doing your research project. SAGE Publications Ltd. New Delhi.
Zagklis DP and Bampos G. 2022. Tertiary wastewater treatment technologies: a review of technical, economic, and life cycle aspects. Processes 10(11):2304-2323.
Zahmatkesh S, Amesho KTT and Sillanpää M. 2022. A critical review on diverse technologies for advanced wastewater treatment during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: What do we know?. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 7:100121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100121.
Al-Khatib IA, Monou M, Abu Zahra ASF, Shaheen HQ and Kassinos D. 2010. Solid waste characterization, quantification and management practices in developing countries. A case study: Nablus district - Palestine. Journal of Environtal Management 91(5):1131–1138. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.01.003.
Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN). 2017. SNI 2398:2017 - Tata cara perencanaan tangki septik dengan pengolahan lanjutan (sumur resapan, bidang resapan, up flow filter, kolam sanita). Badan Standarisasi Nasional (BSN). Jakarta.
Brace I. 2018. Questionnaire design: how to plan, structure and write survey material for effective market research. Kogan Page Publishers. London.
Bray RT, Jankowska K, Kulbat E, Łuczkiewicz A and Sokołowska A. 2021. Ultrafiltration process in disinfection and advanced treatment of tertiary treated wastewater. Membranes 11(3):Page 221. 11(3):221-238.
Bungin B. 2003. Analisis data penelitian kualitatif: pemahaman filosofis dan metodologis ke arah penguasaan model aplikasi. PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Jakarta.
Clem V and Mendonça HV de. 2022. Ozone reactor combined with ultrafiltration membrane: A new tertiary wastewater treatment system for reuse purpose. Journal of Environmental Management 315: 115166. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115166.
Creswell JW. 2014. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications. California.
Crisman TL and Winters ZS. 2023. Caribbean small island developing states must incorporate water quality and quantity in adaptive management of the water-energy-food nexus. Frontiers in Environmental Science 11:1212552. doi:10.3389/FENVS.2023.1212552/BIBTEX.
DiCicco-Bloom B and Crabtree BF. 2006. The qualitative research interview. Med Educ. 40(4):314–321. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2929.2006.02418.X.
Domnech L and Saurí D. 2010. Socio-technical transitions in water scarcity contexts: Public acceptance of greywater reuse technologies in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 55(1):53–62. doi:10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2010.07.001.
Englande AJJ, Krenkel P and Shamas J. 2015. Wastewater treatment & water reclamation. Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09508-7
Fauzanabri R, Manembu I, Schaduw J, Manengkey H, Sinjal C dan Ngangi E. 2021. Status terumbu karang di perairan Pulau Tidung Kepulauan Seribu Provinsi DKI Jakarta berbasis analisis underwater photo transect. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax. 9:247–261.
Fernandes J, Ramísio PJ and Puga H. 2024. A comprehensive review on various phases of wastewater technologies: trends and future perspectives. Eng 2024 5(4):2633-2661. doi:10.3390/ENG5040138.
García-Llorente M, Martín-López B, Iniesta-Arandia I, López-Santiago CA, Aguilera PA and Montes C. 2012. The role of multi-functionality in social preferences toward semi-arid rural landscapes: An ecosystem service approach. Environtal Science & Policy 19–20:136–146. doi:10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2012.01.006.
Garfí M, Flores L and Ferrer I. 2017. Life cycle assessment of wastewater treatment systems for small communities: activated sludge, constructed wetlands and high rate algal ponds. Journal of Cleaner Production 161:211–219. doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.05.116.
Geospatial Information Agency. 2024. Pulau Indonesia bertambah jadi 17.380, mengapa angkanya berubah setiap tahun? [internet]. Available at: https://www.big.go.id/uploads/downloads/Dokumen/Rilis_Jumlah_Pulau.pdf.
Gómez-Román C, Jans L, Steg L, Vila-Tojo S and Sabucedo J-M. 2024. “Yes, we care”: pro-environmental social identity framing to promote acceptance of decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Water Reuse 14(4):510-526.
Gómez-Román C, Sabucedo JM, Alzate M, Medina B. 2021. Environmental concern priming and social acceptance of sustainable technologies: the case of decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Frontier in Psychology 12:647406. doi:10.3389/FPSYG.2021.647406/BIBTEX.
Hayati Y, Adrianto L, Krisanti M, Pranowo WS and Kurniawan F. 2020. Magnitudes and tourist perception of marine debris on small tourism island: Assessment of Tidung Island, Jakarta, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 158:111393. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111393.
Huang MH, Li YM, Gu GW. 2010. Chemical composition of organic matters in domestic wastewater. Desalination 262(1–3):36–42. doi:10.1016/J.DESAL.2010.05.037.
Indonesian Central Statistics Agency. 2024. Luas daerah dan jumlah pulau menurut provinsi 2023 [Internet]. Availabe at: https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/VUZwV01tSlpPVlpsWlRKbmMxcFhhSGhEVjFoUFFUMDkjMw==/luas-daerah-dan-jumlah-pulau-menurut-provinsi.html?year=2023.
Jakarta Provincial Population and Civil Registration Agency. 2025. Profil perkembangan kependudukan DKI Jakarta [Internet]. Available at: https://kependudukancapil.jakarta.go.id/profile_perkembangan_adminduk/.
Jones N, Evangelinos K, Gaganis P and Polyzou E. 2011. Citizens’ perceptions on water conservation policies and the role of social capital. Water Resources Management 25(2):509–522. doi:10.1007/S11269-010-9711-Z/METRICS.
Kalbar PP, Karmakar S and Asolekar SR. 2012. Selection of an appropriate wastewater treatment technology: a scenario-based multiple-attribute decision-making approach. Journal of Environmental Managemen 113:158–169. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.025.
Kassab G, Halalsheh M, Klapwijk A, Fayyad M and van Lier JB. 2010. Sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment for domestic wastewater - A review. Bioresource Technology 101(10):3299–3310. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.039.
Kurniawan F, Adrianto L, Bengen DG and Prasetyo LB. 2016. Vulnerability assessment of small islands to tourism: The case of the Marine Tourism Park of the Gili Matra Islands, Indonesia. Global Ecology and Conservation 6:308–326. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2016.04.001.
Liu B, Wei Q, Zhang B and Bi J. 2013. Life cycle GHG emissions of sewage sludge treatment and disposal options in Tai Lake Watershed, China. Science of The Total Environment 447:361–369. doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2013.01.019.
Maliga I, Purwono S and Harini R. 2025. Marine pollution in small island ecosystems and the impact of domestic wastewater. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management. 11(1):177–192. doi:10.22034/gjesm.2025.01.11.
Minister of Environment and Forestry. 2016. Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No P.68 Year 2016 on domestic wastewater quality standard.
Minister of Environment and Forestry. 2021. Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. 5 of 2021 on procedures for issuing technical approval and operational feasibility letters in the field of environmental pollution control.
Minister of Public Works and Public Housing. 2017. Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 4 of 2017 on implementation of domestic wastewater management systems.
Molinos-Senante M, Gómez T, Garrido-Baserba M, Caballero R and Sala-Garrido R. 2014. Assessing the sustainability of small wastewater treatment systems: A composite indicator approach. Science of The Total Environment 498:607–617. doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2014.08.026.
Muga HE and Mihelcic JR. 2008. Sustainability of wastewater treatment technologies. Journal of Environmenal Management 88(3):437–447. doi:10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2007.03.008.
Mycoo MA and Roopnarine RR. 2024. Water resource sustainability: Challenges, opportunities and research gaps in the English-speaking Caribbean Small Island Developing States. PLOS Water 3(1):e0000222. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PWAT.0000222.
Nelson N, Bair R, Coleman S, Comfort C, Gasteyer S, Huang J, McKay C, Smith A, Wang Z, Yan T, Young P and Yeh D. 2024. The pressing need for resilient, equitable, safe, and sustainable decentralized wastewater solutions for the pacific islands. Visions & Voices 1(2):1-4.
Nunn P and Kumar R. 2018. Understanding climate-human interactions in Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Implications for future livelihood sustainability. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10(2):245–271. doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2017-0012.
Omran II, Al-Saati NH, Al-Saati HH, Hashim KS and Al-Saati ZN. 2021. Sustainability assessment of wastewater treatment techniques in urban areas of Iraq using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Water Practice & Technology 16(2):648–660. doi:10.2166/WPT.2021.013.
Onyeka Eleweuwa H, Oghenesuvwe Udele N, Bakare-Abidola T, Goodness Ezeifegbu C, Destiny Okejevwa G and Olaoye J. 2025. Analysis of energy efficiency in water treatment plants: Present conditions and future directions. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. 25 (3):1717–1723. doi:10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.3.0893.
Parulekar PJ, Sahasrabudhe I, Hegiste M and Gupte S. 2024. Review of advanced oxidation processes for waste water treatment. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 13(2):1-8. doi:10.17577/IJERTV13IS020100.
Parwin R and Paul KK. 2019. Overview of applications of kitchen wastewater and its treatment. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 24(2):04019041. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000482.
Poinen P and Bokhoree C. 2022. Sludge management practices: Drivers, opportunities and implications for small island developing states. Journal of Water Process Engineering 48(5):102860. doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102860.
President of Republic of Indonesia. 2007. Law Number 27 of 2007 concerning management of coastal areas and small islands.
President of the Republic of Indonesia. 2021. Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 on the implementation of environmental protection and management.
Prost-Boucle S, Wepierre N, Barbier C and Dubois V. 2023. Wastewater Treatment in Island Locations [Internet]. Available at: https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/arbe_smilo_wastewater_treatment_in_island_locations_2023.pdf.
Rahardjo M. 2010. Triangulasi dalam penelitian kualitatif [Internet]. Available at: https://uin-malang.ac.id/r/101001/triangulasi-dalam-penelitian-kualitatif.html.
Rahimzade S, Alavi Moghaddam MR, Shafiei M and Namavar M. 2025. Sustainability assessment of urban wastewater management (collection, treatment, and reuse): Developing a multi-dimensional indicator-based framework. Sustainable Cities and Society 130:106646. doi:10.1016/J.SCS.2025.106646.
Robinson SA and Gilfillan D. 2017. Regional organisations and climate change adaptation in small island developing states. Regional Environmental Change 17(4):989–1004. doi:10.1007/s10113-016-0991-6.
Rodríguez-Alcántara JS, Cruz-Pérez N, Rodríguez-Martín J, García-Gil A and Santamarta JC. 2024. Effect of tourist activity on wastewater quality in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Balearic Islands (Spain). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 31(10):15172–15185. doi:10.1007/S11356-024-32173-9/FIGURES/10.
Rouse JD. 2015. Development of environmentally sustainable methods for treatment of domestic wastewater and handling of sewage sludge on Yap Island. Sustainability 7(9):12452–12464. doi:10.3390/SU70912452.
Ruslin R, Mashuri S, Alhabsyi F, Sarib M and Rasak A. 2022. Semi-structured interview: a methodological reflection on the development of a qualitative research instrument in educational studies ruslin. Journal of Research & Method in Education 12(1):22–29. doi:10.9790/7388-1201052229.
Saad D, Byrne D, Drechsel P, Saad D, Byrne D and Drechsel P. 2017. Social Perspectives on the Effective Management of Wastewater on Physico-Chemical Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery. INTECH. London.
Santín I, Vilanova R, Pedret C and Barbu M. 2020. Global internal recirculation alternative operation to reduce nitrogen and ammonia limit violations and pumping energy costs in wastewater treatment plants. Processes 8(12):1606. doi:10.3390/PR8121606.
Seribu Islands Kominfotik Sub-Agency. 2025. Informasi data kunjungan wisatawan [Internet]. Available at: https://pulauseribu.jakarta.go.id/pariwisata.
SMILO. 2023. Water and sanitation [Internet]. Available at: https://smilo-program.org/freshwater-and-sanitation/.
Surapati BF dan Suparni. 2016. Rp 10,2 M dianggarkan untuk pembangunan IPAL Pulau Tidung [Internet]. Available at: https://www.beritajakarta.id/read/32043/rp-102-m-dianggarkan-untuk-pembangunan-ipal-pulau-tidung.
Tchobanoglous George, Stensel HDavid, Tsuchihashi Ryujiro, Burton FL, Abu-Orf Mohammad, Bowden Gregory and Pfrang William. 2014. Wastewater engineering : treatment and resource recovery. McGraw-Hill Education. Ohio.
Thomas A, Baptiste A, Martyr-Koller R, Pringle P and Rhiney K. 2020. Climate change and small island developing states. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 45:1–27. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083355.
Ugwuanyi ED, Nwokediegwu ZQS, Dada MA, Majemite MT and Obaigbena A. 2024. Review of emerging technologies for nutrient removal in wastewater treatment. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21(2):1737-1749.
United Nations. 2017. Wastewater: the untapped resource. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Paris.
Water Resources Agency of DKI Jakarta Province. 2024. Data sistem pengolahan air limbah domestik (SPALD) [Internet]. Available at: https://portaldatadsda.jakarta.go.id/ipal/list/view.
Wear SL and Thurber RV. 2015. Sewage pollution: Mitigation is key for coral reef stewardship. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1355(1):15–30. doi:10.1111/nyas.12785.
Widyarani, Wulan DR, Hamidah U, Komarulzaman A, Rosmalina RT and Sintawardani N. 2022. Domestic wastewater in Indonesia: generation, characteristics and treatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29(22):32397–32414. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-19057-6.
Willmott L and Graci SR. 2016. Solid Waste management in small island destinations. Téoros 31(3):71-76.
Wilson J. 2014. Essentials of business research a guide to doing your research project. SAGE Publications Ltd. New Delhi.
Zagklis DP and Bampos G. 2022. Tertiary wastewater treatment technologies: a review of technical, economic, and life cycle aspects. Processes 10(11):2304-2323.
Zahmatkesh S, Amesho KTT and Sillanpää M. 2022. A critical review on diverse technologies for advanced wastewater treatment during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: What do we know?. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 7:100121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100121.
Published
2025-12-27
How to Cite
Prayoga, G., Yulianto, G., & Effendi, H. (2025). Assessing wastewater treatment performance in small island contexts: a multi-aspect evaluation of Tidung Besar Island, Indonesia. Jurnal Pengelolaan Lingkungan Berkelanjutan (Journal of Environmental Sustainability Management), 9(3), 265-289. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36813/jplb.9.3.265-289
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
_mini_size.jpg)
_10241.png){kind=logo}
