Keterkaitan antara pandemi covid-19 dengan eksploitasi alam
Keywords:
nature exploitation, human, covid-19 pandemic, ecosystem stability, zoonotic
Abstract
Exploitation does not completely environmentally principles, ecosystems store biodiversity, including dangerous zoonotic viruses. The emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic is believed to be zoonotic that spreads infecting a hundred million people. This study was conducted to analyse the relationship between pandemic and exploitation, using a literature review of articles, documents, reports, papers, WHO information, and the Indonesian Covid-19 Task Force. There is a proven connection between the Covid-19 pandemic and the exploitation of nature. It narrows or even eliminates habitats and suppresses their lives, organisms respond by the expansion that is often closer to humans. Exploitation facilitates organisms as natural or intermediate hosts that have the potential zoonosis. Homologous analysis result of SARS-CoV-2 had a complete genome similarity of 93.7%, ORF1ab 96.5%, N protein 96.9%, and spike protein 92.86% with bat-coronavirus (Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823). This species, spread in South and Southeast Asia, to be a traditional medicine for respiratory. Wildlife animals as medicine should be limited, especially protected animals because trade with risky for zoonoses and potential of epidemics and pandemics. It can be overcome if ecosystem stability and provide proportional living space for other organisms, so that harmonious and sustainable interactions come true.
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References
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Alamgir M, Campbell MJ, Sloan S, Suhardiman A, Supriatna J and Laurance WF. 2019. High-risk infrastructure projects pose imminent threats to forests in Indonesian Borneo. Scientific Reports 9(1):1-10.
Albarello F, Pianura E, Di Stefano F, Cristofaro M, Petrone A, Marchioni L, Palazzolo C, Schininà V, Nicastri E, Petrosillo N, Campioni P, Eskild P, Zumla A, Ippolito G, Abbonizio MA, Agrati C, Amadei G, Amendola A, Antonini M, … and Valli MB. 2020. 2019-novel Coronavirus severe adult respiratory distress syndrome in two cases in Italy: an uncommon radiological presentation. International Journal of Infectious Diseases (93):192-197.
Bwire GM and Paulo LS. 2020. Coronavirus disease-2019: is fever an adequate screening for the returning travelers?. Tropical Medicine and Health 48(1):10-12.
Cheval S, Adamescu CM, Georgiadis T, Herrnegger M, Piticar A and Legates DR. 2020. Observed and potential impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on the environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(11):1-25.
Chun L and Yaling YLR. 2020. Genetic evolution analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus and coronavirus from other species. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 82:1-3.
Cockburn, J, Cundill G, Shackleton S and Rouget M. 2018. Towards place-based research to support social-ecological stewardship. Sustainability 10(5).
Cordes AK and Heim A. 2020. Rapid random access detection of the novel SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously 2019-nCoV) using an open access protocol for the Panther Fusion. Journal of Clinical Virology (125):104305.
Cvetković VM, Nikolić N, Nenadić UR, Öcal A, Noji EK and Zečević M. 2020. Preparedness and preventive behaviors for a pandemic disaster caused by COVID-19 in Serbia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(11):1-23.
Ebrahim SH and Memish ZA. 2020. COVID-19: preparing for super spreader potential among Umrah pilgrims to Saudi Arabia. The Lancet 395(10227): e48.
Ege G, Schloenhardt A and Schwarzengger C. 2020. Wildlife trafficking: the illicit trade in wildlife, animal parts, and derivatives. Carl Grossmann. Berlin.
El Zowalaty ME and Järhult JD. 2020. From SARS to COVID-19: a previously unknown SARS-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) of pandemic potential infecting humans – call for a one health approach. One Health 9:100124.
Hagen M, Kissling WD, Rasmussen C, De Aguiar MAM, Brown LE, Carstensen DW, Alves-Dos-Santos I, Dupont YL, Edwards FK, Genini J, Guimarães PR, Jenkins GB, Jordano P, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Ledger ME, Maia KP, Marquitti FMD, Mclaughlin Ó, Morellato LPC., … and Olesen JM. 2012. Biodiversity, species interactions and ecological networks in a fragmented world. Advances in Ecological Research 46(1):89-120.
Holmes EC. 2008. Evolutionary history and phylogeography of human viruses. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. (62):307-328.
Ith S, Bumrungsri S, Thomas NM, Bates PJJ, Willette DA, Khan FAA, Wonglapsuwan M, Soisook P, Maryanto I, Huang JCC and Furey NM. 2016. Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic Subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra. Acta Chiropterologica 18(1):141-161.
Li Z and Wang H. 2021. Consumer behavior and wild animal consumption in China. The Chinese Economy 40(2):1-13.
Liu Z, Jiang Z, Fang H, Li C, Mi A, Chen J, Zhang X, Cui S, Chen D, Ping X, Li F, Li C, Tang S, Luo Z, Zeng Y and Meng Z. 2016. Perception, price and preference: Consumption and protection of wild animals used in traditional medicine. PLoS ONE 11(3):1-19.
Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Senan AM, Dutta D, Nath B, Oleynikov MD, Blomberg WR, Meigs DD, Hasan M, Patel M, Kline P, Chang RCC, Chang L, Gendelman HE and Kevadiya BD. 2020. The natural history, pathobiology, and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology 15(3):359-386.
Meyerson LA and Mooney HA. 2007. Invasive alien species in an era of globalization. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5(4):199-208.
Miller GT and Spoolman S. 2016. Living in the environment, 15th edition. Cengage Learning. Boston.
Moss P, Barlow G, Easom N, Lillie P and Samson A. 2020. Lessons for managing high-consequence infections from first COVID-19 cases in the UK. The Lancet 395(10227):e46.
Phan T. 2020. Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 81:104260.
Rodriguez-Morales A, Bonilla-Aldana D, Balbin-Ramon G, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Rabaan A and Sah R. 2020. History is repeating itself, a probable zoonotic spillover as a cause of an epidemic: the case of 2019 novel Coronavirus. Inf. Med. 28:3-5.
Rubin H. 2011. Future global shocks: pandemics [internet]. Tersedia di: https:// www.oecd.org/fr/gov/risques/Pandemics.pdf.
Satuan Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan Covid-19. 2020. Situasi Virus Corona (Covid-19) di Indonesia. Satuan Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan Covid-19.
Satuan Tugas Penanganan Covid-19. 2021. Pengendalian Covid-19 dengan 3M, 3T, vaksinasi, disiplin, kompak, dan konsisten (buku 2). Satuan Tugas Penanganan Covid-19.
Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O’Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C and Agha R. 2020. World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery 76:71-76.
Still J. 2003. Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: environmental impact and health hazards. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 11(2):118-122.
Sutra FL. 2020. Tindak pidana perdagangan satwa liar dilindungi yang berimplikasi tindak pidana pencucian uang. Media Iuris 3(3):319.
Swan K and Conrad K. 2014. The conflict between Chinese cultural and environmental values in wildlife consumption. In: Harris PG and Lang G. Routledge Handbook of Environment and Society in Asia 321-335.
Tien ML, Sigouin A, Pinedo-Vasquez M and Nasi R. 2014. The harvest of wildlife for bushmeat and traditional medicine in East, South and Southeast Asia. Center for International Forestry Research. Bogor.
Traffic International. 2021. Situation analysis: Covid-19, wildlife trade, and consumer engagement. Traffic International. South San Francisco.
Trilla A. 2020. One world, one health: the novel coronavirus COVID-19 epidemic. Medicina Clinica 154(5):175-177.
[UNODC] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2020. Preventing future pandemics of zoonotic origin by combating wildlife crime: protecting global health, security and economy. UNODC. Vienna.
Worldometers.info. 2021. Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic [internet]. Tersedia di: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/.
Xu S and Liu Y. 2019. Associations among ecosystem services from local perspectives. Science of the Total Environment 690:790-798.
Zhang SF, Tuo JL, Huang XB, Zhu X, Zhang DM, Zhou K, Yuan L, Luo HJ, Zheng BJ, Yuen KY, Li MF, Cao KY and Xu L. 2018. Epidemiology characteristics of human coronaviruses in patients with respiratory infection symptoms and phylogenetic analysis of HCoV-OC43 during 2010-2015 in Guangzhou. PLoS ONE 13(1):1-20.
Published
2021-12-27
How to Cite
Pambudi, P. (2021). Keterkaitan antara pandemi covid-19 dengan eksploitasi alam. Jurnal Pengelolaan Lingkungan Berkelanjutan (Journal of Environmental Sustainability Management), 5(2), 668-683. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36813/jplb.5.2.668-683
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